Preface 1
Introduction 3
Human Factors: A Brief History 9
Anthropometry 10
Measurement Systems 10
Sampling the Population 10
The Measurements 10
Percentiles 10
Human Variations 11
The Link System 28
Clothing Corrections 31
Work and Play Stations for Children 32
Illustrations
Frequency Distribution Curve 11
The Measure of Infants 12, 13
The Measure of Toddlers 14
The Measure of Youths 15-21
The Measure of Man 22, 23
The Measure of Woman 24, 25
Proportional Differences Between Ethnic Groups 26
Head Measurements of Man and Woman 27
Angle Movements of Body Components 29, 30
Design Considerations for Children 32
The Elderly 33
Illustrations
The Measure of the Elderly 34
Differently Abled People 35
Illustrations
Symbols of Accessibility 35
Reach Factors for the Differently Abled 37
Design Considerations for the Differently Abled 39-41
Manual Controls for the Differently Abled 43
Seating 44
The Dining Chair 44
A Universal Work Chair 44
Seating Variations 44
Seating at Computer Stations for Men and Women 44
Classic Consoles for Men and Women 46
Illustrations
Seating Variations 45
Visual Characteristics 47
Computer Stations for Man 48
Computer Stations for Woman 49
Classic Consoles for Man and Woman 50
Standing Consoles for Man and Woman 51
Residential Space Considerations 50
Bedrooms 50
Dining Spaces 50
Kitchen and Bathroom Layouts 50
Illustrations
Measurements for Bedrooms 53
Measurements for Dining Areas 54
Measurements for Kitchens and Bathrooms 55
Maintenance Access 56
The Whole Body 56
The Appendages 56
Illustrations
Maintenance Access (Whole Body) 57
Maintenance Access (The Appendages) 58
Safety at Work and at Home 57
Factory 57
Office 57
Home 60
Illustrations
Stairs and Ladders 63, 64
Vehicular Accommodation 65
Constant Factors in Vehicular Seating 65
Agricultural and Industrial Equipment 65
Forces for Hand and Foot Controls 67
Illustrations
Constant Factors in Vehicle Seating 66
The Strength of Man and Woman 68
Foot Measurements and Pedal Design 69
Anthropometry and Seating for Agriculture and Industry 70, 71
Displays 72
Circular Analog and Digital Displays 72
Circular Analog and Graphic Displays 72
Electronic Displays 72
Illustrations
Analog and Digital Displays 72, 73
Manual Controls 74
Illustrations
Hand Measurements of Man and Woman 75
Manual Controls 76, 77
Direction of Operation for Manual Controls 78
The Environment 79
Noise 79
Mechanical Vibration 80
Human vs. Machine 81
Motion 82
Temperatures 82
Chemical Hazards 83
Radiation Hazards 84
Colors 84
Lighting 86
Appendix 91
Conversion Scales 91
Abbreviations 92
Anthropometric Terms 93
Bibliography 95
Index 97
Illustrations
Anatomical Planes and Orientations 94
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