Merritt’s Neurology 14e

SECTION I  GLOBAL BURDEN OF NEUROLOGIC DISEASE 1

1 Worldwide Epidemiology of Neurologic Disease 1

2 Global Delivery of Neurologic Care 9

SECTION II APPROACH TO THE NEUROLOGIC PATIENT 15

3 Neurologic History Taking, Localization, and Differential

Diagnosis 15

4 The Neurologic Examination 25

SECTION III COMMON PROBLEMS IN NEUROLOGY 45

5 Dizziness, Vertigo, and Hearing Loss 45

6 Syncope 51

7 Seizures 57

8 Pain, Numbness, and Paresthesias 64

9 Headache and Facial Pain 70

10 Visual Disturbances 77

11 Delirium 88

12 Dementia and Memory Loss 95

13 Involuntary Movements 103

14 Muscle Weakness, Cramps, and Stiffness 110

15 Gait Disorders 122

16 Acute Stroke: The First Hour 132

17 Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes 145

18 Focal Mass Lesions 152

19 Stupor and Coma 168

20 Brain Death 179

SECTION IV  DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 184

21 Computed Tomography 184

22 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 189

23 Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission

Computed Tomography 203

24 Neurovascular Ultrasound 208

25 Angiography and Neuroendovascular Surgery 217

26 Electroencephalography and Evoked Potentials 230

27 Electromyography, Nerve Conduction Studies, and

Magnetic Stimulation 243

28 Autonomic Testing 255

29 Evaluation of the Special Senses (Vision, Hearing,

Smell, Vestibular System) 259

30 Sleep Studies 264

31 Neuropsychological Evaluation 271

32 Lumbar Puncture and Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis 277

33 Brain, Muscle, Nerve, and Skin Biopsy 283

34 Intracranial Pressure and Neurocritical Care Monitoring 288

35 Genetic Testing and DNA Diagnosis 297

SECTION V CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES 301

36 Acute Ischemic Stroke 301

37 Transient Ischemic Attack 320

38 Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy 324

39 Intracerebral Hemorrhage 332

40 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 342

41 Cerebral Venous and Sinus Thrombosis 353

42 Vascular Malformations 361

43 Central Nervous System Vasculitis 370

44 Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome and Other Cerebrovascular Syndromes 384

45 Primary and Secondary Stroke Prevention 401

SECTION VI NEUROTRAUMA 413

46 Concussion and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy 413

47 Traumatic Brain Injury 420

48 Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 441

49 Traumatic Cranial and Peripheral Nerve Injury 451

SECTION VII DEMENTIA 469

50 Mild Cognitive Impairment 469

51 Alzheimer Disease 476

52 Frontotemporal Dementia 486

53 Lewy Body Dementias 492

54 Vascular Dementia and Cognitive Impairment 500

55 Prion Diseases 506

SECTION VIII HEADACHE AND PAIN SYNDROMES 521

56 Primary and Secondary Headache Disorders 521

57 Facial Pain Disorders and Painful Cranial Neuralgias 538

58 Complex Regional Pain Syndrome 549

59 Neuropathic Pain 557

SECTION IX EPILEPSY AND PAROXYSMAL DISORDERS 567

60 Classi? cation of Seizures and Epilepsy 567

61 Management of Epilepsy 578

62 Ménière Syndrome, Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, and Vestibular Neuritis 597

63 Transient Global Amnesia 602

SECTION X CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTIONS 604

64 Acute Bacterial Meningitis 604

65 Brain, Spinal, and Epidural Abscess and Other Parameningeal Infections 612

66 Other Bacterial Central Nervous System Infections and Toxins 624

67 Chronic Meningitis 640

68 Parasitic Infections 653

69 Viral Infections 661

70 Human Immunode? ciency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunode? ciency Syndrome (AIDS) 690

SECTION XI DEMYELINATING AND INFLAMMATORY DISEASES 711

71 Multiple Sclerosis and Related CNS Neuroimmune Diseases 711

72 Transverse Myelitis 736

73 Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder 744

74 Autoimmune Encephalitis and Meningitis 755

75 Neurosarcoidosis 773

SECTION XII MOVEMENT DISORDERS 778

76 Essential Tremor 778

77 Tics and Tourette Syndrome 784

78 Restless Legs Syndrome 793

79 The Dystonias 800

80 Hemifacial Spasm 820

81 Myoclonus 824

82 Hereditary and Acquired Ataxias 831

83 Tardive Dyskinesia and Other Neuroleptic-Induced Syndromes 849

84 Choreas 854

85 Huntington Disease 861

86 Parkinson Disease 871

87 Parkinson-Plus Syndromes 893

SECTION XIII NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES 904

88 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Motor Neuron Diseases 904

89 Bell’s Palsy and Cranial Neuropathies 915

90 Mononeuropathies and Compression Neuropathies 927

91 Acquired Peripheral Neuropathies 936

92 Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies 955

93 Myasthenia Gravis and Other Disorders of the Neuromuscular Junction 963

94 In? ammatory and Autoimmune Myopathies 979

95 Critical Illness Myopathy and Neuropathy 989

96 Endocrine and Toxic Myopathies 992

97 Periodic Paralysis and Other Channelopathies 998

98 Stiff Person Syndrome and Peripheral Nerve and Muscle Hyperexcitability 1004

99 Metabolic and Mitochondrial Myopathies in Adults 1011

SECTION XIV  NEUROONCOLOGY 1019

100 Gliomas 1019

101 Metastatic Tumors 1034

102 Meningiomas 1050

103 Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma 1056

104 Tumors of the Pituitary Gland 1064

105 Pineal Region Tumors 1072

106 Acoustic Neuroma and Other Skull Base Tumors 1080

107 Spinal Tumors 1089

108 Paraneoplastic Syndromes 1100

109 Complications of Cancer Therapy 1106

SECTION XV HYDROCEPHALUS AND CEREBRAL EDEMA 1114

110 Hydrocephalus 1114

111 Brain Edema and Increased Intracranial Pressure 1127

112 Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension 1139

SECTION XVI SPINAL CORD DISORDERS 1145

113 Intervertebral Disk Disease and Radiculopathy 1145

114 Cervical and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis 1153

115 Acquired and Hereditary Myelopathies 1159

SECTION XVII AUTONOMIC AND SLEEP DISTURBANCES 1170

116 Autonomic Failure, Autonomic Neuropathy, and Orthostatic Intolerance 1170

117 Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity After Acute Brain Injury 1178

118 Sleep Disorders 1183

SECTION XVIII SYSTEMIC ORGAN FUNCTION AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1195

119 Heart-Brain Interactions 1195

120 Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy 1201

121 Respiratory Support for Neurologic Diseases 1207

122 Endocrine Diseases and the Brain 1215

123 Hematologic Diseases and the Brain 1227

124 Hepatic Disease and the Brain 1245

125 Renal Disease, Electrolyte Disorders, and the Nervous System 1253

126 Gastric and Genitourinary Function and the Brain 1262

127 Bone Diseases and the Central Nervous System 1270

128 Malnutrition, Malabsorption, and Vitamin De? ciencies 1277

129 Neurologic Disease During Pregnancy 1286

130 Neurologic Complications of Organ Transplantation 1298

SECTION XIX NEUROLOGIC TOXIDROMES 1303

131 Alcoholism 1303

132 Drug Intoxication and Withdrawal 1313

133 Neurotoxicology 1319

134 Radiation Injury 1335

135 Electrical and Lightning Injury 1347

136 Decompression Illness 1350

SECTION XX PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 1355

137 Neonatal Neurology 1355

138 Nervous System Formation and Malformation 1366

139 Inherited Metabolic Diseases 1385

140 Chromosomal Disorders and Disorders of DNA 1410

141 The Floppy Infant 1417

142 Disorders of Motor and Cognitive Development 1424

143 Autism Spectrum Disorders 1433

144 Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies 1441

145 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 1456

146 Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood 1467

147 Muscular Dystrophies and Congenital Myopathies 1474

148 Seizures and Epilepsies in Neonates and Children 1502

149 Pediatric Stroke 1515

150 Brain Tumors in Children 1528

151 Pediatric Brain Injury and Shaken Baby Syndrome 1572

152 Human Immunode? ciency Virus, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, and Drug Effects 1579

SECTION XXI PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY 1588

153 Psychosis 1588

154 Mood Disorders 1596

155 Anxiety Disorders, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 1606

156 Somatic Symptom Disorders 1615

SECTION XXII RECOVERY AND END-OF-LIFE CARE 1629

157 Neurologic Rehabilitation 1629

158 End-of-Life and Palliative Care in Neurology 1636

Index 1645